aid against

ἀλκή, ἡ, (cf. ἀλέξω)

A strength as displayed in action, prowess, courage, poet. word (also in Hdt., Th., and later Prose, Ti.Locr. 103b, Arist.EN 1115b4, Pol. 1338a20, etc.), in Hom. joined with

σθένος Il.17.212

, Od.22.237; with

μένος Il.9.706

; with

ἠνορέη Od.24.509

;

ἐπιειμένοι ἀλκήν Il.8.262

;

φρεσὶν εἱμένος ἀλκήν 20.381

;

δύεσθαι ἀλκήν 9.231

:—later,

χερὸς ἀλκᾷ Pi.O.10(11).100

;

θηρία ἐς ἀλκὴν ἄλκιμα Hdt. 3.110

: generally, force, might,

συνῆψαν ἀλκήν E.Supp. 683

; κατ' ἀλκήν, opp. κατὰ σύνεσιν, Arr. Tact.12.11: in pl., feats of strength, bold deeds, Pi.N.7.12, B.10.126, E.Rh. 933, Hierocl.p.33.61A.

II strength to avert danger, defence, help,

Διὸς ἀ. Il.15.490

, cf.8.140;

οὐδέ τις ἀ. Od.12.120

, 22.305; ποῦ τις ἀ.; A.Pr. 546;

ἀ. βελέων S. Ph. 1151

;

δορός E.Ph. 1098

: also ὰ. τινος defence or aid against thing, Hes.Op. 201, Pi.N.7.96, S.OT 218; ἀλκὴν ποιεῖσθαι give aid, OC 459; ἀ. τιθέναι make a defence, ib. 1524; ἐς or πρὸς ἀ. τρέπεσθαι turn and resist, stand on one's guard, Hdt.2.45, 3.78, Th.2.84;

στρέψας πρὸς ἀ. E. Andr. 1149

;

ἐς ἀ. ἐλθεῖν Id.Ph. 421

;

ἀλκῆς μεμνῆσθαι Hdt.9.70

; ἐν οἷς ἐστιν ἀ. where they can defend themselves, Arist.ENl.c.

III battle, fight, A.Th. 498, 569, 878 codd., E.Med. 264.

ἐπᾰρωγ-ή, ἡ, ([etym.] ἐπαρήγω)

A help, aid, A.R.1.302;

ἐπαρωγὴν ποιεῖσθαί τινι Charond.

ap. Stob.4.2.24.

II ἐ. τινος aid against a thing, Orac. ap. Luc.Alex.28: hence, opposition, IG14.2012A5.

ἐπιβοηθ-έω, [dialect] Dor. [suff] ἐπιβοηθ-βοᾱθέω,

A come to aid, succour,

τινί Hdt.3.146

, 7.207, Th.1.73, 4.29, al., SIG398.7 (Cos, iii B.C.): abs., Th.3.69, PPetr.2p.143 (iii B.C.), etc.

ἐπᾰλέξ-ω [dialect] Ep. Verb,

A defend, succour,

τινί Il.8.365

, 11.428, v.l. in Batr.174; κακῇ ἐπαλαλκέμεν ἄτῃ ([dialect] Ep.[tense] aor. 2 inf.) lend aid against.., Nic.Th. 352.

II ward off, keep off,

ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀλεξήσειν κακὸν ἦμαρ Il.20.315

.

ἐπίρροθ-ος, ον,

A coming to the rescue; as Subst., helper,

τοίη οἱ ἐ. ἦεν Ἀθήνη Il.4.390

;

θεὰ.., μοι ἐ. ἐλθὲ ποδοῖιν 23.770

;

μακραὶ ἐπίρροθοι εὐφρόναι εἰσίν Hes.Op. 560

;

ἐπίρροθοι ἄμμι πέλεσθε A.R.2.1193

: also as Adj., μῆτις, πύργος ἐ., ib. 1068, 4.1045: c. gen., giving aid against, νύκτερον τέλος .. ἀλγέων ἐ. A.Th. 368 (lyr.); cf. ἐπιτάρροθος.

ἀμύνω [pron. full] [ῡ], [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.

A

ἄμῡνον Il.15.731

: [tense] fut. ἀμῠνῶ, [dialect] Ion.

- ῠνέω Hdt. 9.60

, [ per.] 3pl. - εῦσι ib.6: [tense] aor. 1 ἤμῡνα, [dialect] Ep. ἄμυνα [pron. full] [ᾰμ] Il.17.615: [tense] aor. 2, v. ἀμυνάθω:—[voice] Med., [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf. ἀμυνόμην ib.13.514: [tense] fut. ἀμυνοῦμαι: [tense] aor. 1 ἠμυνάμην: [tense] aor. 2, v. ἀμυνάθω:—[voice] Pass. rare (v. infr. c):—keep off, ward off, Hom., mostly in Il.—Construction:

1 c.acc. of the person or thing to be kept off, c. dat. pers. for or from whom danger averted, Δαναοῖσιν λοιγὸν ἄμυνον ward off ruin from the Danai, Il. 1.456, cf. 341, Od.8.525:—dat. freq. omitted,

ὃς λοιγὸν ἀμύνει Il.5.603

;

ἄ. τὸν βάρβαρον Pl.Lg. 692e

, cf.AB79. b. c. dat. only, defend, aid, succour, ἀ. ὤρεσσι, σοῖσιν ἔτῃσι, Il.5.486, 6.262, cf. Od.11.500, Hdt.8.87, 9.6, etc.; τοιαῦτ' ἀμύνεθ' Ἡρακλεῖ such aid ye give to H., E.HF 219; ἀ. τῇ πόλει, τῷ δήμῳ, Ar.Eq. 577, 790;

τῷ νόμῳ E.Or. 523

, Th.3.67:—with inf. added, τοῖς μὲν οὐκ ἠμύνατε σωθῆναι so that they might be saved, Th.6.80.

2 c. acc. et gen., Τρῶας ἄμυνε νεῶν he kept the Trojans off from the ships, Il.15.731, cf.4.11, 12.402. b. c. gen. only, ἀ. νηῶν defend the ships, ib.13.109.

3 abs., succour, χεῖρες ἀμύνειν hands to aid, ib. 814; ἀμύνειν εἰσὶ καὶ ἄλλοι ib. 312;

ὦ ξυνδικασταί.. ἀμύνατε

help!

Ar.V. 197

;

τὰ ἀμυνεῦντα

means of defence,

Hdt.3.155

: c. dat. modi, δθένει ἀ. defend with might, Il.13.678.

4 with Preps., once in Hom. with περί, ἀμυνέμεναι περὶ Πατρόκλοιο (cf. B.1.3) ib.17.182; in Prose,

ἀ. ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος Pl.Lg. 692d

;

ἀ. πρὸ πάντων Plb.6.6.8

.

II less freq. like B. 11, requite, repay,

ἔργ' ἀμύνουσιν κακά S.Ph. 602

;

ἀμύνειν.. τοῖσδε τοῖς λόγοις τάδε Id.OC 1128

.

B [voice] Med., keep or ward off from oneself, guard or defend oneself against, freq. with collat. notion of requital, revenge:

1 c. acc. rei,

ἀμύνετο νηλεὲς ἦμαρ Il.13.514

;

ἀμύνεσθαι μόρον A.Ag. 1381

;

τὸ δυστυχὲς γὰρ ηὑγένει' ἀμύνεται E.Heracl. 303

, cf. S.Fr. 1004. b. c.acc. pers.,

ἀ. τὴν Δαρείου στρατιήν Hdt.3.158

;

ἐκεῖνον ἠμύναντο S.Fr. 589

.

2 that from which danger is warded off in gen., as in [voice] Act.1.2,

ἀμυνόμενοι σφῶν αὐτῶν Il.12.155

; νηῶν ἠμύνοντο ib. 179.

3 with Preps., ἀμύνεσθαι περὶ πάτρης ib. 243;

περὶ τῶν οἰκείων Th.2.39

;

ὑπέρ τινος X.Cyn.9.9

.

4 abs., defend oneself, act in self-defence,

ἀμύνεσθαι φίλον ἔστω Il.16.556

;

ἢν συλλαμβανόμενος ἀμύνηται Hdt.1.80

, cf. 4.174,al.;

ἀλλ' ἀμύνου Ar.Eq. 244

;

τοῦ ἄρξαντος καὶ οὐ τοῦ ἀμυνομένου Antipho44.8

;

οὐδ' ἀμυνόμενος ἀλλ' ὑπάρχων Isoc.16.44

, cf. Pl.Grg. 456e;

κακῶς πάσχοντα ἀ. ἀντιδρῶντα κακῶς Pl.Cri. 49d

;

ἂν ᾖ χαρίεις, ἀ. εὖ δρῶν Arist.EN 1162b10

.

II after Hom., ἀ. τινά avenge oneself on an enemy: hence, requite, repay, Ar.Nu. 1428, etc.: freq. c. dat. instr.,

ἔργοις πεπονθὼς ῥήμασίν σ' ἀμύνομαι S.OC 873

;

ἀ. τινὰ σιδήρῳ Antipho 4.2.2

; τοῖς ὁμοίοις, ἀρετῇ, Th.1.42, 4.63;

ὠμότητα ὠμότητι D.S.14.53

; ἀ. τινὰς ὑπέρ τινος to punish for a thing, Th.5.69; good sense, Simon.229;

ἀ. ὁμοίως εὖ παθόντα, ὥσπερ κακῶς Socr.

ap. Arist.Rh. 1398a25: abs., retaliate, c. dat. instr.,

ταῖς ναυσίν Th.1.142

;

ἀ. ὧν ἔπαθον 1.96

.

C very rarely [voice] Pass.,

ἀμύνονται ἆται

are warded off,

Pi.P.11.54

;

ἀμυνέσθω

let him be driven away,

Pl.Lg. 845c

.

ἐπικουρ-έω,

A to be an ἐπίκουρος, act as an ally, once in Hom., ἑ Μοῖρα

ἦγ' ἐπικουρήσοντα μετὰ Πρίαμον Il.5.614

, cf. Th.7.57; φίλοις, χθονί, E.Rh. 937, 956; render aid, Foed. ap. Th.5.23, etc.

βοηθ-έω (sts. written βοιηθέω, IG22.237 (iv B. C.), BGU1007.12 (iii B. C.)), [dialect] Ion. [full] βωθέω, only Hsch. βωθέοντες, not in Hdt. (but cf. Eust.812.59) or Hp., cf.

A

βοηθήσω Michel 12.15

(Erythrae, iv B. C.); [dialect] Dor. [full] βοᾱθοέω SIG421.27 ([place name] Thermon); [dialect] Aeol.βαθόημι (q. v.):—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

A

- ήσομαι Lib.Or.1.128

:—come to aid, succour, assist, aid, c. dat.,

τῇ σφετέρῃ Hdt.1.82

;

τοῖσιν ἠδικημένοις E.IA79

;

πρὸς τοὺς αὑτῶν ψιλούς X.HG1.2.3

;

τινὶ ἀντία τινός Hdt.5.99

;

τινὶ πρὸς τὸ ἄναντες X.HG4.8.38

; ναυσὶ β. τινί πολιορκουμένῳ ib.1.6.22;

β. τοῖς φίλοις τὰ δίκαια Id.Mem.2.6.25

; β. τοῖς τῶν προγόνων ἀτυχήμασιν Aeschin.3.169;

β. τῷ λόγῳ Pl.Phd. 88e

; β. τῷ θεῷ maintain his rights, Epist. Philipp. ap. D.18.157;

β. τοῖς νόμοις Aeschin.1.33

: c. dat. et acc.,

πατρὶ βοηθῶν θάνατον Pl.Lg. 874c

; of a physician,

β. τῷ θερμῷ ἐπὶ τὸ ψυχρόν Hp.VM13

: abs., Plu.Alex. 19.

2 abs., come to the rescue, Hdt.1.30, 7.158, A.Supp. 613, etc.;

β. παρά τινα Hdt.9.57

; ἐπί τινα against one, Id.1.62, 4.125, Th.1.126, etc.; β. ἐς .. Hdt.6.103; ἐπὶ .. Th.3.97, 4.72;

ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς Id.8.11

;

ἐκεῖσε D.4.41

; β. πρός τι contribute to an object, v. l. in Arist.EN 1155a14, cf. Metaph. 1079b16, or keep it off, Id.Resp. 474b24, HA 621a13; χρήμασι with money, Id.EN 1130a19: Medic., βοηθεῖ πρὸς τὸ κώνειον it is an antidote to.., Thphr.HP9.20.1; freq. in Dsc. as

β. τοῖς φαγοῦσι 4.83

.

3 [voice] Pass., to be assisted, receive help,

παρά τινος Arist. Rh. 1383b28

;

βοηθήσομαι LXX Da.11.34

, but

βοηθηθήσομαι Is.44.2

; ἐβοήθην ib.10.3, 2 Ch.26.15 (v.l. ἐβοηθήθην)

; ἵν' ὦ βεβοηθημένη PRyl.122.12

(ii A. D.); esp. of patients, derive benefit, Dsc.4.82, Plu.2.687f: impers.,

ἐμοὶ βεβοήθηται τῷ τεθνεῶτι Antipho 1.31

;

ταύτῃ μοι βεβοηθημένον ἐγεγόνει φιλοσοφίᾳ Pl.Ep. 347e

.

παραβοηθ-έω,

A come to aid, τινι Th.1.47, Antiph.228.3; πρός τινα against one, Plb.2.54.10: abs., come to the rescue, Ar.Eq. 257, Th.3.22, X.HG1.1.6.

2 aid on the other hand, Pl.R. 572e.

ἀρωγή [ᾰ], ἡ, ([etym.] ἀρήγω)

A aid, succour,

Ζηνὸς ἀρωγῇ Il.4.408

; ἐς μέσον.. δικάσσατε μηδ' ἐπ' ἀρωγῇ judge impartially and not in any one's favour, ib.23.574;

πέμπειν ἀ. A.Ch. 477

(lyr.);

οὐδ' ἔχων ἀ. S.Ph. 856

(lyr.); in parody of A., Ar.Ra. 1267 sq.; ἀ.νόσου, πόνων, help against.., Pl. Lg. 919c, Mx. 238a.

II of persons, an aid, succour, διπλᾶς ἀρωγὰς μολεῖν, of Apollo and Artemis, S.OC 1094 (lyr.); στρατιῶτιν ἀ., of the Greek host, A.Ag.47, cf. 73 (lyr.).—Poet. word, rare in Prose.

συνεπ-άγω [pron. full] [ᾰ],

A lead together against,

ἐπί τινας Th.3.11

.

2 join in bringing in against another, of those who call in a foreign force to aid them, Id.4.1,79,84:—[voice] Med., bring or take with one,

τὸν ἀδελφόν IG12(3).174.16

(Cnidus, Epist. Aug.), cf. BGU1780.6 (i B.C.), J.AJ18.9.5, Plu.Cat.Ma.17, D.C.41.7; draw a net along with one, Ael.NA14.29, cf. Gal.11.508: metaph.,

τὰ ἐπιρρήματα σ. τὴν πρόθεσιν ἐπὶ τὰ ῥήματα A.D.Synt.338.4

.

ἐπιβο-άω, [tense] fut. - βοήσομαι, [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. - βώσομαι (v.infr.):—

A call upon or to, cry out to,

ἐ. τινὶ ὅτι.. Th.5.65

; ἐ. τινί, c. inf., call on one to do.., Id.4.28, 7.70: c.acc., invoke,

θεόν AP9.334

(Pers.): abs., of hounds, give tongue, X.Cyn.6.19; cry out, Arr.Epict.4.1.14; of calling upon the dead at funerals, BMus.Inscr.791, al. ([place name] Cnidus).

⁺ P 491-848-251-375-569=2534 Gn 3,6.12; 4,3; 5,4.7

[τινος]: with

of pers.: expressing company: with, in company of Gn 22,3; (sth) in the presence of, beside Mal 3,8; expressing relation-ship: with, together with Dt 32,43; with (in friendly sense) Hos 2,20; with, against (in hostile sense) 1 Sm 17,33; in dealings with, to (semit.) Jdt 8,26

of things: accompanied by, with, in (circumstances) 2 Mc 15,28; with, by aid of, by using (instruments) 1 Ezr 5,57; in return for, in exchange for Mi 3,11; see σύν

[τι]: after, behind, subsequent to (temporal) 2 Mc 6,1

μετὰ τοῦτο after this, behind Lv 14,19; οὐκ ἔστιν μετ᾽ ἐμὲ ἔτι there is none besides me (metaph.) Zph 2,15

*Hos 4,14(end) μετὰ πόρνης with a harlot-זנה עם for MT 4,15(beginning) זנה אם though (you) play

the harlot, cpr. Prv 20,11; *Ps 46(47),10 μετά with-ִעם

for MT ַעם

people, see also Ps 109(110),3

Cf. LE BOULLUEC 1989 195-196.220.232; JOHANNESSOHN 1910 1-82; 1926 202-216; SOLLAMO 1979 41-

42.173.211.226-227.242.259-260; WEVERS 1990 37.59.153.161.190.201. 278.282. 289.541.571; 1993

77.248

ἐπεκ-βοάω,

A cry out against, D. C.43.24 codd. [suff] ἐπεκ-βοηθέω, rush out to aid, Th.7.53, 8.55.

ἔρχομαι Il.13.256, etc. ([voice] Act. ἔρχω as barbarism, Tim.Pers. 167): [tense] impf.

A

ἠρχόμην Hp.Epid.7.59

, Arat.102, ([etym.] δι-) Pi.O.9.93 ; freq. in later Prose, LXXGe.48.7, Ev.Marc.1.45, Luc.Jud.Voc.4, Paus.5.8.5, etc.; in [dialect] Att. rare even in compds.,

ἐπ-ηρχόμην Th.4.120

(perh. fr. ἐπάρχομαι), προς- ib. 121 (perh. fr. προσάρχομαι),

περι- Ar.Th. 504

cod.: from ἐλυθ- (cf. ἐλεύθω ) come [tense] fut. ἐλεύσομαι, Hom., [dialect] Ion., Trag. (A. Pr. 854, Supp. 522, S.OC 1206, Tr. 595), in [dialect] Att. Prose only in Lys.22.11, freq. later, D.H.3.15, etc.: [tense] aor., [dialect] Ep. and Lyr.

ἤλῠθον Il.1.152

, Pi.P.3.99, etc., used by E. (not A. or S.) in dialogue (Rh.660,El. 598,Tr.374, cf. Neophr.1.1); but ἦλθον is more freq. even in Hom., and is the only form used in obl. moods, ἐλθέ, ἔλθω, ἔλθοιμι, ἐλθεῖν, ἐλθών; [dialect] Ep. inf. ἐλθέμεναι, -έμεν, Il.1.151, 15.146 (indic. never ἐλυθ- unaugmented unless

ἐξ-ελύθη Il.5.293

has replaced ἐξ-έλυθε); [dialect] Dor.

ἦνθον Epich.180

, Sophr.144, Theoc.2.118; imper.

ἐνθέ Aristonous 1.9

; part.

ἐνθών IG9(1).867

(Corc., vi B.C.), ([etym.] κατ-) Schwyzer 657.4 (Arc., iv B.C.); subj.

ἔνθῃ Berl.Sitzb.1927.164

([place name] Cyrene); [dialect] Lacon. ἔλσῃ, ἔλσοιμι, ἐλσών, Ar.Lys. 105, 118, 1081 ; later

ἦλθα LXX2 Ki.24.7

, Ev.Matt.25.36, BGU530.11 (i A.D.), IG14.1320, etc.; [ per.] 3pl.

ἤλθοσαν LXX Jo.2.22

, al., PTeb. 179 (ii B.C.), etc.;

ἤλυθα IG14.1971

, Nonn.D.37.424, ([etym.] ἐπ-) AP14.44: [tense] pf. ἐλήλῠθα (not in Hom.) A.Pr. 943, etc.; sync. pl. ἐλήλῠμεν, -υτε, Cratin.235, Achae.24,43 ; [dialect] Ep. εἰλήλουθα, whence I pl.

εἰλήλουθμεν Il.9.49

, Od.3.81, part.

εἰληλουθώς 19.28

, 20.360 ; once

ἐληλουθώς Il.15.81

, part.

κατ-εληλευθυῖα Berl.Sitzb. 1927.166

([place name] Cyrene); Cret. [tense] pf. inf. ἀμφ-εληλεύθεν, v. ἀμφέρχομαι: [dialect] Boeot. [tense] pf.

διεσς-είλθεικε Schwyzer 485.2

(Thesp., iii B.C.), part. κατηνθηκότι ib.657.39 (Arc., iv B.C.): [tense] plpf.

ἐληλύθειν Ar.Eq. 1306

; [dialect] Ion.

ἐληλύθεε Hdt.5.98

; [dialect] Ep.

εἰληλούθει Il.4.520

,

εἰληλούθειν Call.Fr. 532

.—In [dialect] Att. the obl. moods of [tense] pres., as well as the [tense] impf. and [tense] fut. were replaced by forms of εἶμι ibo (q.v.): in LXX and Hellenistic Greek the place of the compounds, esp. ἐξ-, εἰς-έρχομαι, is commonly taken by ἐκ-, εἰς-πορεύομαι, etc., the [tense] fut., [tense] aor., and [tense] pf. being supplied as before by ἐλυθ- ([etym.] ἐλθ-):

I start, set out, ἦ μέν μοι μάλα πολλὰ..Λυκάων ἐρχομένῳ ἐπέτελλε when I was setting out, Il.5.198, cf. 150 ; τύχησε γὰρ ἐρχομένη νηῦς a ship was just starting, Od. 14.334 ; ἐς πλόον ἐρχομένοις (v.l. ἀρχ-) Pi.P.1.34.

2 walk,=

περιπατέω, χαμαὶ ἐρχομένων ἀνθρώπων Il.5.442

; σὲ δ' ἐρχόμενον ἐν δίκᾳ πολὺς ὄλβος ἀμφινέμεται walking in justice, Pi.P.5.14 : the two foreg. rare signfs. belong only to the [tense] pres. ἔρχομαι.

II (much more freq.) come or go (the latter esp. in [dialect] Ep. and Lyr.), ἦλθες thou art come, Od.16.461, etc.; χαίροισ' ἔρχεο go and fare thee well, Sapph.Supp.23.7, cf. Il.9.43, Od.10.320, 1.281 ;

ἀγγελίην στρατοῦ.. ἐρχομένοιο 2.30

, cf. 10.267 ; πάλιν ἐλθέμεν, αὖτε εἰλήλουθα, 19.533, 549 ; οἶκον ἐλεύσεται ib. 313 ;

οἴκαδε 5.220

;

ἐς οἴκους A.Pers. 833

: as a hortatory exclamation,

ἀλλ' ἔρχευ, λέκτρονδ' ἴομεν Od.23.254

, cf. 17.529.

III c. acc. cogn., ὁδὸν ἐλθέμεναι to go a journey, Il.1.151 ;

ἄλλην ὁδόν, ἄλλα κέλευθα ἤλθομεν Od.9.262

;

τηϋσίην ὁδὸν ἔλθῃς 3.316

: freq. in Trag., A.Pr. 962, Th. 714 (also

κατὰ τὴν αὐτὴν ὁδόν Pl.Lg. 707d

); νόστιμον ἐλθεῖν πόδα (v.l. δόμον) E.Alc. 1153 ; ἀγγε- λίην, ἐξεσίην ἐλθεῖν, go on an embassy, Il.11.140, Od.21.20.

2 c. acc. loci, come to, arrive at, rare in Hom.,

Ἀΐδαο δόμους ἔρχεαι Il. 22.483

;

ἔρχεσθον κλισίην 1.322

: freq. in later Poets, Pi.P.4.52, S. Tr. 259, etc. ; traverse,

ὁ ἥλιος ἔρχεται τῆς Λιβύης τὰ ἄνω Hdt.2.24

: c. acc. pers., αῐ κέν τι νέκυς (acc. pl.)

ῂσχυμμένος ἔλθῃ Il.18.180

;

σὲ δ', ὦ τέκνον, τόδ' ἐλήλυθεν πᾶν κράτος S.Ph. 141

(lyr.).

3 c. gen. loci, ἔρχονται πεδίοιο through or across the plain, Il.2.801 ; but also, from a place,

γῆς τινος S.OC 572

.

4 c. dat. pers., come to, i.e. come to aid or relieve one, rare in Hom., Od.16.453 ; freq. later, Pi.O.1.100, Th.1.13. etc. ;

ἀποροῦντι αὐτῷ ἔρχεται Προμηθεὺς ἐπισκεψόμενος τὴν νομήν Pl.Prt. 321c

; also in hostile sense,

ἔρχομαί σοι Apoc.2.5

.

IV c. [tense] fut. part., to denote the object, ἔρχομαι ἔγχος οίσόμενος I go to fetch.., Il.13.256 ;

ἔρχομαι ὀψομένη 14.301

: freq. in Trag.,

μαρτυρήσων ἦλθον A.Eu. 576

;

ἐκσώσων E.Med. 1303

.

2 in Hdt. like an auxiliary Verb, ἔρχομαι ἐρέων, φράσων, I am going to tell, 1.5,3.6, al. ;

σημανέων 4.99

;

μηκυνέων 2.35

: rare in [dialect] Att., ἔ. κατηγορήσων, ἀποθανούμενος, Pl.Euthphr.2c, Thg. 129a ; ἔρχομαι ἐπιχειρῶν -σοι ἐπιδείξασθαι, for ἔ. σοι ἐπιδειξόμενος, Id.Phd. 100b ;

οὐ τοῦτο λέξων ἔρχομαι, ὡς.. X.Ages.2.7

.

3 c. part. [tense] pres., [tense] aor., or [tense] pf., in Hom., to show the manner of moving, ἄγγελος ἦλθε θέουσα she came running, Il.11.715, al. ; μὴ πεφοβημένος ἔλθῃς lest thou come thither in full flight,10.510 ; ἦλθε φθάμενος he came first,23.779 ;

κεχαρισμένος ἔλθυι Od.2.54

.

4 aor, part. ἐλθών added to Verbs, οὐ δύναμαι..μάχεσθαι ἐλθών go and fight, Il.16.521 ; κάθηρον ἐλθών come and cleanse, ib. 668 ;

λέγοιμ' ἂν ἐλθών A.Supp. 928

;

δρᾶ νυν τάδ' ἐλθών S.Ant. 1107

.

V of any kind of motion, ἐξ ἁλὸς ἐλθεῖν to rise out of the sea, Od.4.448, al. ; ἐπὶ πόντον to go over it, 2.265 ; with qualifying phrase, πόδεσσιν ἔ. to go on foot, 6.40 (but πεζὸς εἰλήλουθα have come as a foot-soldier, Il. 5.204) ; of birds, 17.755, etc. ; of ships, 15.549, Od.14.334 ; of spears or javelins, freq. in Il. ; of natural phenomena, as rivers, 5.91 ; wind and storm, 9.6, Od.12.288 ; clouds, Il.4.276,16.364 ; stars, rise, Od. 13.94 ; time,

είς ὅ κεν ἔλθῃ νύξ Il.14.77

, cf. 24.351 ;

ἐπὴν ἔλθῃσι θέρος Od.11.192

;

ἔτος ἦλθε 1.16

; of events and conditions,

είς ὅ κε γῆρας ἔλθῃ καὶ θάνατος 13.59

, cf. 11.135 ; of feelings, go,

ἦ κέ μοι αίνὸν ἀπὸ πραπίδων ἄχος ἔλθοι Il.22.43

;

ἀπὸ πραπίδων ἦλθ' ἵμερος 24.514

; of sounds, etc.,

τὸν..περὶ φρένας ἤλυθ' ίωή 10.139

;

Κύκλωπα περὶ φρένας ἤλυθεν οἶνος Od.9.362

; without φρένας, περὶ δέ σφεας ἤλυθ' ι>ωή 17.261, cf. 16.6 ; of battle,

ὁμόσ' ἦλθε μάχη Il.13.337

; of things sent or taken,

ὄφρα κε δῶρα ἐκ κλισίης ἔλθῃσι 19.191

, cf. 1.120 ; so later, esp. of danger or evil, c. dat.,

εἰ πάλιν ἔλθοι τῇ Ἑλλάδι κίνδυνος ὑπὸ βαρβάρων X.HG6.5.43

;

ἦλθεν αὐτῷ Ζηνὸς βέλος A.Pr. 360

;

μηδ' ὑπ' ἀνάγκας γάμος ἔλθοι Id.Supp. 1032

(lyr.), cf.Pers. 436 ; of reports, commands, etc., Id.Pr. 663, Th.8.19 ; τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ὡς ἦλθε τὰ γεγενημένα came to their ears, ib.96 ; τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἐπ' αὐτόν that which was about to happen to him, Ev.Jo.18.4 ; of property, which comes or passes to a person by bequest, conveyance, gift, etc.,

τὰ ἐληλυθότα εἴς με ἀπὸ κληρονομίας BGU919.7

(ii A. D.) ; ἐ. εἴς τινα ἀπὸ παραχωρήσεως, κατὰ δωρεάν, PLond.3.1164e6 (iii A. D.), PMasp.96.22 (vi A. D.) : —Geom., pass, fall, ἔ. ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ σαμεῖον pass through the same point, Archim.Aequil.1.15 ; ὅπου ἂν ἔρχηται τὸ ἕτερον σαμεῖον wherever the other point falls, ib.2.10.

1 ἐς λόγους ἔρχεσθαί τινι come to speech with, Hdt.6.86.α', S.OC 1164 codd. ; so

ἐς ὄψιν τινὶ ἐλθεῖν Hdt. 3.42

.

2 εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν τινι (v. χείρ) ; so

ἐς μάχην ἐλθεῖν τινι Id.7.9

.

γ ; είς ὸργάς τισιν Pl.R. 572a

.

3 ἐπὶ μεῖζον ἔ. increase, S.Ph. 259 ;

ἐπὶ μηδέν Id.Fr.871.8

,El. 1000 ; ἐπὶ πᾶν ἐλθεῖν try everything, X.An.3.1.18.

4 ἐς τὸ δεινόν, ἐς τὰ ἀλγεινὰ ἐλθεῖν, come into danger, etc., Th.3.45,2.39 ;

είς τοσοῦτον αίσχύνης ἐληλύθατον ὥστε.. Pl.Grg. 487b

, etc. ;

εἰς τὸ ἔσχατον ἀδικίας Id.R. 361d

; ἐπ' ἔσχατον ἐλθεῖν ἀηδίας Id Phdr. 240d ; ὅσοι ἐνταῦθα ἦλθον ἡλικίας arrived at that time of life, Id.R. 329b ; ἐς ἀσθενὲς ἔ. come to an impotent conclusion, Hdt.1.120 ; ἐς ἀριθμὸν ἐλθεῖν to be numbered, Th.2.72 ;

εἰς ἔρωτά τινος ἐλθεῖν Anaxil.21.6

;

εἰς ἔλεγχον Philem.93.3

, etc. ; εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἐλθεῖν come to oneself, Ev.Luc.15.17, Arr.Epict.3.1.15.

5 παρὰ μικρὸν ἐλθεῖν c. inf., come within a little of, be near a thing, E. Heracl. 296 (anap.) ;

παρ' ὀλίγον ἐλθεῖν Plu.Pyrrh.10

; παρὰ τοσοῦτον ἡ Μυτιλήνη ἦλθε κινδύνου so narrow was her escape, Th.3.49 ;

παρ' οὐδὲν ἐλθόντες τοῦ ἀποβαλεῖν Plb.1.45.14

;

παρ' οὐδὲν ἐλθ. ἀπολέσθαι Plu. Cam.8

.

6 with διά and gen., periphr. for a Verb, e.g. διὰ μάχης τινὶ ἐλθεῖν for

μάχεσθαί τινι Hdt.6.9

, E.Hel. 978, Th.4.92 ; διὰ πυρὸς ἐλθεῖν τινι rage furiously against.., E.Andr. 488 (lyr.) ; but οί διὰ πάντων τῶν καλῶν ἐληλυθότες who have gone through the whole circle of duties, have fulfilled them all, X.Cyr.1.2.15 ;

διὰ πολλῶν κινδύνων ἐλθόντες Pl.Alc.2.142a

.

7 ἔ. παρὰ τὴν γυναῖκα, παρὰ Ἀρίστωνα, of sexual intercourse, go in to her, to him, Hdt.2.115,6.68 ; πρός τινα, of marriage, X.Oec.7.5.

8

ἔ. ἐπὶ πόλιν

attack,

Th.2.11

.

9 ἔ. ἐς depend upon or be concerned with,

τό γ' εἰς ἀνθρώπους ἐλθόν Aristid. 1.149

J. ;

τοῖς λογισμοῖς εἰς ἑαυτοὺς ἐρχόμενοι D.S.13.95

;

ὅσα εἰς ἀρετὴν ἔρχεται Lib.Or.22.18

; τῶν πραττομένων οὐκ όλίγον εἰς ἐκεῖνον ἤρχετο ib.14.31.

μετασχηματίζω fut. μετασχηματίσω; 1 aor. μετεσχημάτισα.

① to change the form of someth., transform, change (Pla., Leg. 10 p. 903e; 906c; Aristot., De Caelo 3, 1 p. 298b, 31; Plut., Ages. 603 [14, 2], Mor. 426e; 680a; Sext. Emp., Math. 10, 335; LXX; TestSol 20:13; TestJob; TestReub 5:6; Philo, Aet. M. 79; Jos., Ant. 7, 257; Chaeremon, Fgm. 20 D p. 34 H.; Theoph. Ant. 2, 6 [p. 108, 16]) μ. τὸ σῶμα τ. ταπεινώσεως ἡμῶν change our lowly body to be like the glorious body Phil 3:21 (cp. Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 80).—DHall, NTS, 40, ’94, 143–47, argues for this ‘normal’ use 1 Cor 4:6 and against the view in 3 below.

② to feign to be what one is not, change/disguise oneself, mid. (Jos., Ant. 8, 267) abs. 2 Cor 11:15. W. εἴς τι into or as someth. (Diod S 3, 57, 5 εἰς ἀθανάτους φύσεις; 4 Macc 9:22; TestJob 17:2 εἰς βασιλέα τῶν Περσῶν) ὁ σατανᾶς εἰς ἄγγελον φωτός Satan disguises himself as an angel (fr. the realm) of light vs. 14 (cp. TestReub 5:6 the guardian angels μετεσχηματίζοντο εἰς ἄνδρα). Of the false apostles μετασχηματιζόμενοι εἰς ἀποστόλους Χριστοῦ who masquerade as apostles vs. 13 (JColson, JTS 17, 1916, 379ff; cp. Hippol., Ref. 10, 32, 5 οἱ αἱρεσιάρχοι ὁμοίοις λόγοις τὰ ὑπʼ ἐκείνων προειρημένα μετασχηματίσαντε).

③ to show a connection or bearing of one thing on another, apply to. 1 Cor 4:6 is unique (for sim. usage s. σχηματίζειν and σχῆμα in Philostrat., Vi. Soph. 2, 17, 1; 2, 25, 1. In Ps.-Demetr., Eloc. 287; 292–94 σχηματίζειν means ‘say someth. with the aid of a figure of speech’; on the rhetorical features s. BFiore, Covert Illusion in 1 Cor 1–4: CBQ 47, ’85, 85–102; CClassen, WienerStud 107/8, ’94/95, 326f): ταῦτα μετεσχημάτισα εἰς ἐμαυτὸν κ. Ἀπόλλων I have applied this to Apollos and myself=I have given this teaching of mine the form of an exposition concerning Apollos and myself (s. Hall, 1 above).—New Docs 3, 76. DELG s.v. ἔχω. M-M. TW. Sv.

παραγίνομαι impf. 3 pl. παρεγίνοντο; 2 aor. παρεγενόμην and παρεγενήθην LXX; pf. παραγέγονα LXX; plpf. 3 sg. παραγεγόνει; inf. παραγεγενῆσθαι (Just) (Hom.+).

① to be in movement so as to be present at a particular place, draw near, come, arrive, be present (Aristoph., Hdt. et al.; Vi. Aesopi G 7 Isis; ins, pap, LXX)

ⓐ of pers. foll. by εἰς and acc. of place (Hdt.; SIG 474, 13f παραγεγονὼς δὲ [καὶ εἰς τὴν πό]λιν; POxy 743, 23 [2 B.C.]; PRyl 232, 3; Ex 16:35; Josh 24:11; Philo, Mos. 1, 86) Mt 2:1; J 8:2; Ac 9:26; 13:14 (w. ἀπὸ τ. Πέργης; cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 110); 15:4; AcPl Ant 13, 1 (=Aa I 236, 6); AcPl Cor 1:2. Also ἐν w. dat. of place (POxy 1185, 26; BGU 286, 6; Just., D. 51, 2) Ac 9:26 v.l.; ITr 1:1. Foll. by ἐπί τινα come against someone, mostly w. hostile purpose (Thu. 2, 95, 3; 2 Macc 4:34; 8:16; 11:2; 12:6; 15:24.—ἐπί 12b) Lk 22:52. Foll. by πρός τινα (Lucian, Philops. 6; PCairZen 214, 5 [254 B.C.] πρὸς ἡμᾶς; PSI 341, 4; PEleph 9, 4; Ex 2:18; Judg 8:15; Jos., Ant. 6, 131) Lk 7:4, 20; 8:19; 22:52 v.l.; Ac 20:18. φίλος παρεγένετο ἐξ ὁδοῦ πρός με Lk 11:6 (παραγίνεσθαι ἐκ as SIG 663, 4; PMagd 1, 10 [III B.C.]; Gen 35:9; 1 Macc 5:14; Jos., Vi. 248 ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ παρεγενόμην). παραγίνεται ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην πρὸς τὸν Ἰωάννην Mt 3:13 (π. ἐπί w. acc. of place as SIG 633, 85 al.; Sb 3925, 4; Jdth 6:11; 14:13; Bel 15). ἐνθάδε AcPlCor 1:16. Abs. Mk 14:43; Lk 14:21; 19:16; J 3:23; Ac 5:21f, 25; 9:39; 10:33; 11:23; 14:27; 17:10; 18:27; 21:18; 23:16, 35; 24:17, 24; 25:7; 28:21; 1 Cor 16:3; 1 Cl 12:6; IRo 6:2; Hs 9, 5, 7; AcPlCor 1:7.

ⓑ of things taught: ἐντολὰς … τὰς … ἀπʼ αὐτῆς παραγινομένας τῆς ἀληθείας instructions which proceed directly from the truth Papias (2:3). Somet. the coming has rather the sense

② make a public appearance, appear of J. the Baptist Mt 3:1. Of Jesus, w. inf. of purpose foll. (cp. 1 Macc 4:46) Lk 12:51. Χριστὸς παραγενόμενος ἀρχιερεύς Hb 9:11.

③ to come to help, stand by, come to the aid of (Trag.; Thu. 3, 54, 4; Pla., Rep. 2, 368b) οὐδείς μοι παρεγένετο 2 Ti 4:16.—DELG s.v. γίγνομαι. M-M.

παράκλητος, ου, ὁ (παρακαλέω) originally meant in the passive sense (BGU 601, 12 [II A.D.] παράκλητος δέδωκα αὐτῷ=‘when I was asked I gave to him’, but π. is restored from παρακλος, and the restoration is uncertain), ‘one who is called to someone’s aid’. Accordingly Latin writers commonly rendered it, in its NT occurrences, with ‘advocatus’ (Tertullian, Prax. 9; Cyprian, De Domin. Orat. 3, Epist. 55, 18; Novatian, De Trin. 28; 29; Hilary, De Trin. 8, 19; Lucifer, De S. Athanas. 2, 26; Augustine, C. Faust. 13, 17, Tract. in Joh. 94; Tractatus Orig. 20 p. 212, 13 Batiffol. Likew. many [Old Latin] Bible mss.: a c e m q J 14:16; a m q 14:26; e q r 15:26; e m q 16:7. Eus., HE 5, 1, 10 παράκλητος=advocatus, Rufinus. Field, Notes 102f; cp. the role of the ‘patronus’ in legal proceedings: J-MDavid, Le patronat judicaire au dernier siècle de la république romaine ’92). But the technical mng. ‘lawyer’, ‘attorney’ is rare (e.g. Bion of Borysthenes [III B.C.] in Diog. L. 4, 50; SEG XXXVIII, 1237, 18 [235/36 A.D.]). Against the legal association: KGrayston, JSNT 13, ’81, 67–82. In the few places where the word is found in pre-Christian and extra-Christian lit. as well it has for the most part a more general sense: one who appears in another’s behalf, mediator, intercessor, helper (Demosth. 19, 1; Dionys. Hal. 11, 37, 1; Heraclit. Sto. 59 p. 80, 19; Cass. Dio 46, 20, 1; POxy 2725, 10 [71 A.D.]; cp. π. as the name of a gnostic aeon Iren. 1, 4, 5 [Harv. I 38, 8]; Hippol.; s. also the comments on 2 Cor 5:20 s.v. παρακαλέω 2). The pass. idea of παρακεκλῆσθαι retreated into the backgound, and the active idea of παρακαλεῖν took its place (on the justification for equating παράκλητος with παρακαλῶν s. Kühner-Bl. II 289). Jews adopted it in this sense as a loanw. (פְּרַקְלֵיט. Pirqe Aboth 4, 11.—SKrauss, Griech. u. latein. Lehnwörter in Talmud, Midrasch u. Targum 1898/99 I 210; II 496; Dalman, Gramm.² 185; Billerb. II 560–62). In Job 16:2 Aq. and Theod. translate מְנַחֲמִים (=comforters) as παράκλητοι; LXX has παρακλήτορες. In Philo our word somet. means ‘intercessor’ (De Jos. 239, Vi. Mos. 2, 134, Spec. Leg. 1, 237, Exsecr. 166, Adv. Flacc. 13; 22), somet. ‘adviser’, ‘helper’ (Op. M. 23; 165). The Gk. interpreters of John’s gosp. understood it in the active sense=παρακαλῶν or παρακλήτωρ (s. Lampe s.v. παράκλητο, esp. Eusebius of Caesarea, Theodore of Mopsuestia, and Ammonius; s. also Ephraem the Syrian in RHarris, Fragments of the Comm. of Ephrem Syr. 1895, 86). In our lit. the act. sense helper, intercessor is suitable in all occurrences of the word (so Goodsp, Probs. 110f). τίς ἡμῶν παράκλητος ἔσται; 2 Cl 6:9. πλουσίων παράκλητοι advocates of the rich B 20:2; D 5:2.—In 1J 2:1 (as AcJ in a damaged fragment: POxy 850, 10) Christ is designated as παράκλητος: παράκλητον ἔχομεν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν δίκαιον we have Jesus Christ the righteous one, who intercedes for us. The same title is implied for Christ by the ἄλλος παράκλητος of J 14:16. It is only the Holy Spirit that is expressly called παρ.=Helper in the Fourth Gosp.: 14:16, 26; 15:26; 16:7.—HUsener, Archiv für lat. Lexikographie 2, 1885, 230ff; HSasse, Der Paraklet im J: ZNW 24, 1925, 260–77; HWindisch, Johannes u. die Synoptiker 1926, 147f, Die fünf joh. Parakletsprüche: Jülicher Festschr. 1927, 110–37; RAsting, ‘Parakleten’ i Johannes-evangeliet: Teologi og Kirkeliv. Avh. etc. ’31, 85–98; SMowinckel, D. Vorstellungen d. Spätjudentums v. Hl. Geist als Fürsprecher u. d. joh. Paraklet: ZNW 32, ’33, 97–130 (supported now by 1QS 3:24f; 1QM 17:6–8); JMusger, Dicta Christi de Paracleto ’38; EPercy, Untersuchungen üb. den Ursprung d. joh. Theol. ’39; Bultmann, J ’40, 437–40; NJohansson, Parakletoi: Vorstellgen. v. Fürsprechern f. d. Menschen vor Gott in d. atl. Rel., im Spätjudent. u. Urchristent. ’40.; NSnaith, ET 57, ’45, 47–50 (‘Convincer’); WHoward, Christianity acc. to St. John ’47, 71–80; WMichaelis, Con. Neot. 11, ’47, 147–62; GBornkamm, RBultmann Festschr. ’49, 12–35; CBarrett, JTS, n.s. 1, ’50, 8–15; JDavies, ibid. 4, ’53, 35–8; TPreiss, Life in Christ, ’54, 19–25; OBetz, Der Paraklet, ’63; MMiguens, El Paráclito (Juan 14–16) ’63; GJohnston, The Spirit-Paraclete in J, ’70; RBrown, The Paraclete in Modern Research, TU 102, ’68, 158–65; JVeenhof, De Parakleet ’77.—DELG s.v. καλέω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

παρίστημι/παριστάνω (the word since Hom.+; the later form παριστάνω [Ro 6:13, 16; but παρίστησι 1 Cor 8:8 v.l.; Ath. 33, 1] since Polyb. et al.; Epict. 3, 22, 87; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 814, 36 [67 A.D.]; 1109, 76.—B-D-F §93; Mlt-H. 202) pres. inf. παραστᾶν (Tat. 33, 1; Ath. 11, 3), ptc. pl. παριστῶντες (Tat. 1, 3—B-D-F §93); fut. παραστήσω; 1 aor. παρέστησα; 2 aor. παρέστην; pf. παρέστηκα, ptc. παρεστηκώς or παρεστώς; plpf. παρειστήκειν; inf. παρεστάναι (Dt 18:5; PsSol 2:36). Mid.: fut. παραστήσομαι. Pass.: 1 aor. παρεστάθην.

① trans. (pres., impf., fut., 1 aor. act.) to cause to be present in any way

ⓐ place beside, put at someone’s disposal τινά or τί τινι someone or someth. to someone (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 7 Jac.; Socrates of Rhodes [I B.C.]: 192 Fgm. 1 p. 927, 25 Jac. [in Athen. 4, 148b]; Lucian, D. Mar. 6, 2) παραστήσει μοι λεγιῶνας Mt 26:53. τὶ someth. (cp. 2 Macc 12:3 v.l. σκάφη) κτήνη provide riding animals Ac 23:24. For protection παρέστησεν αὐτῇ τοὺς υἱούς αὐτοῦ he placed his sons at her side=Joseph placed Mary in the care of his sons GJs 18:1. Here belongs παραστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς τῷ θεῷ Ro 6:13b. W. dat. and double acc. (of the obj. and the pred.) ᾧ παριστάνετε ἑαυτοὺς δούλους (εἰς ὑπακοήν) to whomever you yield yourselves as slaves (to obey him; w. acc., followed by εἰς=to or for [s. MTreu, Alkaios ’52, p. 12]) vs. 16; μηδὲ παριστάνετε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν ὅπλα ἀδικίας τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ vs. 13a; cp. vs. 19ab.

ⓑ present, represent

α. lit. τινά τινι someone to someone παρέστησαν τὸν Παῦλον αὐτῷ Ac 23:33. παρθένον ἁγνὴν παραστῆσαι τῷ Χριστῷ 2 Cor 11:2. Of the ‘presentation’ of Jesus in the Temple Lk 2:22 (Billerb. II 120–23. Cp. also Olympiodorus, Life of Plato, ed. AWestermann 1850 p. 1: of Plato, said to be of transcendent origin, λαβόντες οἱ γονεῖς βρέφος ὄντα τεθείκασιν ἐν τῷ Ὑμηττῷ βουλόμενοι ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς ἐκεῖ θεοῖς … θῦσαι=his parents took him when he was an infant and placed him on Hymettus with the intent to sacrifice … to the gods there). W. dat. of pers., acc. of obj., and pred. acc. οἷς παρέστησεν ἑαυτὸν ζῶντα to whom he presented himself alive Ac 1:3; without a dat., which is supplied fr. the context παρέστησεν αὐτὴν ζῶσαν 9:41.

β. fig. παραστήσω σε κατὰ πρόσωπόν σου I will show you to yourself face to face 1 Cl 35:10 (Ps 49:21).

ⓒ ‘present’ becomes almost equivalent to make, render (Plut., Mor. 676c [ἡ πίσσα] τὸν οἶνον εὔποτον παρίστησι) ἵνα παραστήσῃ αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ ἔνδοξον τὴν ἐκκλησίαν that (Christ) might render the church glorious before himself Eph 5:27. σπούδασον σεαυτὸν δόκιμον παραστῆσαι τῷ θεῷ 2 Ti 2:15. παραστῆσαι ὑμᾶς ἁγίους κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ to make you holy before him Col 1:22. ἵνα παραστήσωμεν πάντα ἄνθρωπον τέλειον ἐν Χριστῷ that we may make everyone complete in Christ vs. 28.

ⓓ as a t.t. in the language of sacrifice offer, bring, present (παριστάναι θυσίαν, θύματα etc.: Epici p. 41, 49 B.=p. 19, 16 K.; Polyb. 16, 25, 7; Diod S 3, 72, 1; Lucian, Sacr. 13; Jos., Bell. 2, 89, Ant. 4, 113; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 694, 49; 736, 70; OGI 456, 20; 764, 23; 38. The mid. is also used in this way since X., An. 6, 1, 22) fig. παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα θυσίαν ζῶσαν offer bodies as a living sacrifice Ro 12:1.

ⓔ as a legal t.t. bring before (a judge) (Sb 4512, 82 [II B.C.]; OGI 669, 49; BGU 163, 3; 341, 14; 747 II, 26; 759, 22; 1139, 18). Some would prefer to understand 1 Cor 8:8 in this sense: βρῶμα ἡμᾶς οὐ παραστήσει τῷ θεῷ food will not bring us before (the judgment seat of) God. Likew. ἡμᾶς ἐγερεῖ καὶ παραστήσει σὺν ὑμῖν he will raise us and bring us, together with you, before him (=before his judgment seat) 2 Cor 4:14. But the forensic mng. is not certain in either of these places, and the sense is prob. bring before God = bring close to God (cp. Rtzst., ZNW 13, 1912, 19f).

ⓕ prove, demonstrate (Lysias 12, 51; X., Oec. 13, 1; Epict. 2, 23, 47; 2, 26, 4; Jos., Ant. 4, 47, Vi. 27; PLips 64, 34) οὐδὲ παραστῆσαι δύνανταί σοι περὶ ὧν νυνὶ κατηγοροῦσίν μου nor can they prove to you the accusations they are now making against me Ac 24:13.—On the 1 aor. pass. Hs 8, 4, 1 s. 2aγ end.

② intr. (mid. and perf., plpf., 2 aor. act., but s. also aγ end) to be present in any way, be present

ⓐ pres., fut., aor. (TestJos 2:6; 20:6; TestSol 6:1 and C 12:1; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 19 [Stone p. 54]; ApcMos 35; Mel., P. 62, 450).

α. approach, come τινί (to) someone (Philo, De Jos. 94) Ac 9:39; 27:23 (Plut., Lysander 444 [20, 7] αὐτῷ κατὰ τοὺς ὕπνους παραστῆναι τὸν Ἄμμωνα).—Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before (s. 1e above.—Chariton 6, 6, 4 παρέστην δικαστηρίῳ) Καίσαρί σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must appear before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24; cp. 2 Ti subscr. πάντες παραστησόμεθα τῷ βήματι τοῦ θεοῦ (v.l. Χριστοῦ) Ro 14:10. πάντας δεῖ παραστῆναι τῷ βήματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ Pol 6:2.

β. of appearing with hostile intent (Appian, Illyr. 17 §51) abs. παρέστησαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς Ac 4:26 (Ps 2:2).

γ. come to the aid of, help, stand by τινί someone (Hom. et al.; X., Cyr. 5, 3, 19 al.; PKöln VI, 245, 22 σὺ δὲ θεὰ παρίστασο ‘and you, Goddess, be at my side’, w. suggestion of a relationship between Athena and Odysseus [for parallels and lit. s. ‘Ptocheia’ or ‘Odysseus in Disguise at Troy’ (=ASP 31), ed. MParca ’91, 59]; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 VI, 7; 12; Jos., Bell. 2, 245; SibOr 8, 407) Ro 16:2. ὁ κύριός μοι παρέστη 2 Ti 4:17 (cp. PHerm 125b, 8 [III A.D.] θεὸς παρίσταταί σοι; Jos., Ant. 1, 341; SibOr 3, 705).—The 1 aor. pass. παρεστάθην αὐτῷ Hs 8, 4, 1 is prob. used in act. sense I took a position beside him (so as to be ready for service).

ⓑ perf. and plpf. (En 14:22; PsSol 2:36; TestSol 14:2 al.; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29 [Stone p. 16]; Just., D. 9, 1)

α. of personal beings stand ( near or by), be present τινί (with) someone (LXX; TestJob 24:10; Jos., Bell. 2, 281) Ac 1:10; 1 Cl 34:6 (Da 7:10 Theod.). ἐνώπιόν τινος stand before someone (1 Km 16:21; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29f [Stone p. 16]) οὗτος παρέστηκεν ἐνώπιον ὑμῶν ὑγιής Ac 4:10.—Mostly in the ptc.: modifying a noun and followed by an indication of place: ὁ κεντυρίων ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐτοῦ Mk 15:39 (cp. 1 Macc 11:68 S). Γαβριὴλ ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 1:19 (cp. Jdth 4:14; Tob 12:15 S). Without indication of place (Diod S 17, 66, 7 παρεστὼς Φιλώτας=Philotas, who stood nearby; Diog. L. 2, 102; Aberciusins. 17; EpArist 19) εἷς παρεστηκὼς τῶν ὑπηρετῶν one of the servants who was standing by J 18:22. ἰδὼν τὸν μαθητὴν παρεστῶτα when he saw the disciple standing near 19:26. (ἄγγελοι) λειτουργοῦσιν παρεστῶτες 1 Cl 34:5. παρεστὼς ὁ κύριος MPol 2:2. οἱ παρεστῶτες αὐτῷ those standing near him Ac 23:2.—Subst. οἱ παρεστηκότες (PPetr II, 4, 6, 13 [III B.C.]) or οἱ παρεστῶτες (Diog. L. 9, 27) the bystanders, the spectators, those present Mk 14:47, 69f; 15:35 (vv.ll. παρεστώτων, ἑστηκότων); Lk 19:24; Ac 23:4; in vs. 2 the widely attested rdg. adds a dat.: τοῖς παρεστῶσιν αὐτῷ (cp. POxy 1204, 13 ὁ παρεστώς σοι).

β. of a point of time be here, have come (Il. 16, 853; Demosth. 18, 90; 21, 101) παρέστηκεν ὁ θερισμός the time for the harvest is here Mk 4:29.

γ. as an agricultural t.t. (cp. OGI 56, 68 ὅταν ὁ πρώϊμος σπόρος παραστῇ; PLille 8, 5) someth. like be fully grown σταφυλὴ παρεστηκυῖα a ripe grape (in contrast to ὄμφαξ) 1 Cl 23:4=2 Cl 11:3 (quot. of unknown orig.).—M-M. DELG s.v. ἵημι. TW.

παρίστημι/παριστάνω (the word since Hom.+; the later form παριστάνω [Ro 6:13, 16; but παρίστησι 1 Cor 8:8 v.l.; Ath. 33, 1] since Polyb. et al.; Epict. 3, 22, 87; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 814, 36 [67 A.D.]; 1109, 76.—B-D-F §93; Mlt-H. 202) pres. inf. παραστᾶν (Tat. 33, 1; Ath. 11, 3), ptc. pl. παριστῶντες (Tat. 1, 3—B-D-F §93); fut. παραστήσω; 1 aor. παρέστησα; 2 aor. παρέστην; pf. παρέστηκα, ptc. παρεστηκώς or παρεστώς; plpf. παρειστήκειν; inf. παρεστάναι (Dt 18:5; PsSol 2:36). Mid.: fut. παραστήσομαι. Pass.: 1 aor. παρεστάθην.

① trans. (pres., impf., fut., 1 aor. act.) to cause to be present in any way

ⓐ place beside, put at someone’s disposal τινά or τί τινι someone or someth. to someone (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 7 Jac.; Socrates of Rhodes [I B.C.]: 192 Fgm. 1 p. 927, 25 Jac. [in Athen. 4, 148b]; Lucian, D. Mar. 6, 2) παραστήσει μοι λεγιῶνας Mt 26:53. τὶ someth. (cp. 2 Macc 12:3 v.l. σκάφη) κτήνη provide riding animals Ac 23:24. For protection παρέστησεν αὐτῇ τοὺς υἱούς αὐτοῦ he placed his sons at her side=Joseph placed Mary in the care of his sons GJs 18:1. Here belongs παραστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς τῷ θεῷ Ro 6:13b. W. dat. and double acc. (of the obj. and the pred.) ᾧ παριστάνετε ἑαυτοὺς δούλους (εἰς ὑπακοήν) to whomever you yield yourselves as slaves (to obey him; w. acc., followed by εἰς=to or for [s. MTreu, Alkaios ’52, p. 12]) vs. 16; μηδὲ παριστάνετε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν ὅπλα ἀδικίας τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ vs. 13a; cp. vs. 19ab.

ⓑ present, represent

α. lit. τινά τινι someone to someone παρέστησαν τὸν Παῦλον αὐτῷ Ac 23:33. παρθένον ἁγνὴν παραστῆσαι τῷ Χριστῷ 2 Cor 11:2. Of the ‘presentation’ of Jesus in the Temple Lk 2:22 (Billerb. II 120–23. Cp. also Olympiodorus, Life of Plato, ed. AWestermann 1850 p. 1: of Plato, said to be of transcendent origin, λαβόντες οἱ γονεῖς βρέφος ὄντα τεθείκασιν ἐν τῷ Ὑμηττῷ βουλόμενοι ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς ἐκεῖ θεοῖς … θῦσαι=his parents took him when he was an infant and placed him on Hymettus with the intent to sacrifice … to the gods there). W. dat. of pers., acc. of obj., and pred. acc. οἷς παρέστησεν ἑαυτὸν ζῶντα to whom he presented himself alive Ac 1:3; without a dat., which is supplied fr. the context παρέστησεν αὐτὴν ζῶσαν 9:41.

β. fig. παραστήσω σε κατὰ πρόσωπόν σου I will show you to yourself face to face 1 Cl 35:10 (Ps 49:21).

ⓒ ‘present’ becomes almost equivalent to make, render (Plut., Mor. 676c [ἡ πίσσα] τὸν οἶνον εὔποτον παρίστησι) ἵνα παραστήσῃ αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ ἔνδοξον τὴν ἐκκλησίαν that (Christ) might render the church glorious before himself Eph 5:27. σπούδασον σεαυτὸν δόκιμον παραστῆσαι τῷ θεῷ 2 Ti 2:15. παραστῆσαι ὑμᾶς ἁγίους κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ to make you holy before him Col 1:22. ἵνα παραστήσωμεν πάντα ἄνθρωπον τέλειον ἐν Χριστῷ that we may make everyone complete in Christ vs. 28.

ⓓ as a t.t. in the language of sacrifice offer, bring, present (παριστάναι θυσίαν, θύματα etc.: Epici p. 41, 49 B.=p. 19, 16 K.; Polyb. 16, 25, 7; Diod S 3, 72, 1; Lucian, Sacr. 13; Jos., Bell. 2, 89, Ant. 4, 113; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 694, 49; 736, 70; OGI 456, 20; 764, 23; 38. The mid. is also used in this way since X., An. 6, 1, 22) fig. παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα θυσίαν ζῶσαν offer bodies as a living sacrifice Ro 12:1.

ⓔ as a legal t.t. bring before (a judge) (Sb 4512, 82 [II B.C.]; OGI 669, 49; BGU 163, 3; 341, 14; 747 II, 26; 759, 22; 1139, 18). Some would prefer to understand 1 Cor 8:8 in this sense: βρῶμα ἡμᾶς οὐ παραστήσει τῷ θεῷ food will not bring us before (the judgment seat of) God. Likew. ἡμᾶς ἐγερεῖ καὶ παραστήσει σὺν ὑμῖν he will raise us and bring us, together with you, before him (=before his judgment seat) 2 Cor 4:14. But the forensic mng. is not certain in either of these places, and the sense is prob. bring before God = bring close to God (cp. Rtzst., ZNW 13, 1912, 19f).

ⓕ prove, demonstrate (Lysias 12, 51; X., Oec. 13, 1; Epict. 2, 23, 47; 2, 26, 4; Jos., Ant. 4, 47, Vi. 27; PLips 64, 34) οὐδὲ παραστῆσαι δύνανταί σοι περὶ ὧν νυνὶ κατηγοροῦσίν μου nor can they prove to you the accusations they are now making against me Ac 24:13.—On the 1 aor. pass. Hs 8, 4, 1 s. 2aγ end.

② intr. (mid. and perf., plpf., 2 aor. act., but s. also aγ end) to be present in any way, be present

ⓐ pres., fut., aor. (TestJos 2:6; 20:6; TestSol 6:1 and C 12:1; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 19 [Stone p. 54]; ApcMos 35; Mel., P. 62, 450).

α. approach, come τινί (to) someone (Philo, De Jos. 94) Ac 9:39; 27:23 (Plut., Lysander 444 [20, 7] αὐτῷ κατὰ τοὺς ὕπνους παραστῆναι τὸν Ἄμμωνα).—Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before (s. 1e above.—Chariton 6, 6, 4 παρέστην δικαστηρίῳ) Καίσαρί σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must appear before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24; cp. 2 Ti subscr. πάντες παραστησόμεθα τῷ βήματι τοῦ θεοῦ (v.l. Χριστοῦ) Ro 14:10. πάντας δεῖ παραστῆναι τῷ βήματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ Pol 6:2.

β. of appearing with hostile intent (Appian, Illyr. 17 §51) abs. παρέστησαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς Ac 4:26 (Ps 2:2).

γ. come to the aid of, help, stand by τινί someone (Hom. et al.; X., Cyr. 5, 3, 19 al.; PKöln VI, 245, 22 σὺ δὲ θεὰ παρίστασο ‘and you, Goddess, be at my side’, w. suggestion of a relationship between Athena and Odysseus [for parallels and lit. s. ‘Ptocheia’ or ‘Odysseus in Disguise at Troy’ (=ASP 31), ed. MParca ’91, 59]; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 VI, 7; 12; Jos., Bell. 2, 245; SibOr 8, 407) Ro 16:2. ὁ κύριός μοι παρέστη 2 Ti 4:17 (cp. PHerm 125b, 8 [III A.D.] θεὸς παρίσταταί σοι; Jos., Ant. 1, 341; SibOr 3, 705).—The 1 aor. pass. παρεστάθην αὐτῷ Hs 8, 4, 1 is prob. used in act. sense I took a position beside him (so as to be ready for service).

ⓑ perf. and plpf. (En 14:22; PsSol 2:36; TestSol 14:2 al.; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29 [Stone p. 16]; Just., D. 9, 1)

α. of personal beings stand ( near or by), be present τινί (with) someone (LXX; TestJob 24:10; Jos., Bell. 2, 281) Ac 1:10; 1 Cl 34:6 (Da 7:10 Theod.). ἐνώπιόν τινος stand before someone (1 Km 16:21; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29f [Stone p. 16]) οὗτος παρέστηκεν ἐνώπιον ὑμῶν ὑγιής Ac 4:10.—Mostly in the ptc.: modifying a noun and followed by an indication of place: ὁ κεντυρίων ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐτοῦ Mk 15:39 (cp. 1 Macc 11:68 S). Γαβριὴλ ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 1:19 (cp. Jdth 4:14; Tob 12:15 S). Without indication of place (Diod S 17, 66, 7 παρεστὼς Φιλώτας=Philotas, who stood nearby; Diog. L. 2, 102; Aberciusins. 17; EpArist 19) εἷς παρεστηκὼς τῶν ὑπηρετῶν one of the servants who was standing by J 18:22. ἰδὼν τὸν μαθητὴν παρεστῶτα when he saw the disciple standing near 19:26. (ἄγγελοι) λειτουργοῦσιν παρεστῶτες 1 Cl 34:5. παρεστὼς ὁ κύριος MPol 2:2. οἱ παρεστῶτες αὐτῷ those standing near him Ac 23:2.—Subst. οἱ παρεστηκότες (PPetr II, 4, 6, 13 [III B.C.]) or οἱ παρεστῶτες (Diog. L. 9, 27) the bystanders, the spectators, those present Mk 14:47, 69f; 15:35 (vv.ll. παρεστώτων, ἑστηκότων); Lk 19:24; Ac 23:4; in vs. 2 the widely attested rdg. adds a dat.: τοῖς παρεστῶσιν αὐτῷ (cp. POxy 1204, 13 ὁ παρεστώς σοι).

β. of a point of time be here, have come (Il. 16, 853; Demosth. 18, 90; 21, 101) παρέστηκεν ὁ θερισμός the time for the harvest is here Mk 4:29.

γ. as an agricultural t.t. (cp. OGI 56, 68 ὅταν ὁ πρώϊμος σπόρος παραστῇ; PLille 8, 5) someth. like be fully grown σταφυλὴ παρεστηκυῖα a ripe grape (in contrast to ὄμφαξ) 1 Cl 23:4=2 Cl 11:3 (quot. of unknown orig.).—M-M. DELG s.v. ἵημι. TW.